I hope everyone is doing well. Yesterday, we had a thorough discussion in Leh about the next IALS conference with Prof. Marcus and his team from Heidelberg University. First off, I’m delighted to report that we have received more than 60 abstracts. These will be reviewed, and as soon as the results are known, they will be sent to the authors so that they have enough time to look for funding, etc. From our end, we are trying our best to explore various financing sources in the hopes of receiving some financial assistance, particularly for the students. We are also receiving some news that some senior members of IALS may help student/s to participate in the conference if their abstracts are accepted.
Please visit the university website for more information about conference fees, lodging, and other related matters:
Another question we’ve been asked by members is whether it’s possible to attend the conference without presenting a paper. In this case, we’ve decided to welcome non-paper presenters as long as they pay the conference fee.
The university has also promised to assist the participants with making travel arrangements from Frankfurt airport to Heidelberg, obtaining a visa through the German center in Delhi, and other essential arrangements. Please contact us at ialsconference2023@gmail.com if you have any additional questions. Regards & Juley
Neil and Kath Howard with Erberto Lo Bue (left), Rome 2007.
Neil Howard, who passed away in January 2023, was an independent researcher specialising in the study of the military and architectural history of Ladakh.
Neil came late to the study of Ladakh and by chance. In the course of a trek through Ladakh in the early 1980s, he and his wife Kath noticed the many ruined forts above the region’s villages. Finding that little had been written about them, he decided to do the research himself. His first major publication was an article on the development of Ladakh’s military architecture, which appeared in the Italian journal East and West in 1989, and this is still an important reference source. His initial work on forts led naturally to further study on military campaigns in Ladakh, notably the invasion by Mirza Haider Dughlat in the 1530s and the Dogra invasion three centuries later. He also extended his geographical range to include Lahul and Kangra.
All Neil’s work shows the same qualities. Perhaps most importantly, his architectural and archaeological studies were based on careful on-the-ground observation. He weighed up the evidence as he saw it, and pushed his analysis as far as he reasonably could, but no further. Later, he worked with other colleagues, notably Philip Denwood of the School of Oriental and African Studies (London), to assess the written sources that might shed further light on his chosen themes.
I myself retain a happy memory of an occasion when I was able to perform a service as Neil’s research assistant. In 2005, together with our colleagues Abdul Ghani Sheikh and Ken Macdonald, I made an excursion to photograph the chortens and castle ruins of Gya. These later contributed to Neil and Kath’s article on Gya that appeared in 2014 (see bibliography).
Although Neil did most of the writing and much of the talking, he worked with Kath as a husband-and-wife team both on mountain treks and, later, on the conference circuit. Always forthright in his views on life’s ironies, he was generous and supportive in his friendships. In later years, he took pleasure in the publications of younger scholars who have deepened and extended his own research findings. His own carefully calibrated pioneering work remains an example to follow.
Publications
1984. “Castles of the Himalayas.” Popular Archaeology, April 1984, pp. 12-19. Hemel Hempstead.
1987. “Royal Fortresses of Ladakh.” Archaeology Today, May 1987, pp. 29-35. Frome, England.
1989. “The Development of the Fortresses of Ladakh c.9501650 AD.” East and West 39, Nos. 14, pp. 217-288. Rome: Istituto per il medio ed estremo oriente.
1990. “Inscriptions at Balukhar and Char Zampa and General Archaeological Observations on Balukhar Fort and its Environs.” With Philip Denwood. In Indo-Tibetan Studies: Papers in honour and appreciation of Professor David L. Snellgrove’s contribution to Indo-Tibetan Studies, pp. 81-88. Edited by Tadeusz Skorupski. Tring: Institute of Tibetan Studies.
1992. “The Dogra Forts in Greater Ladakh, North-west India.” Fort 20, pp. 7186.
1994. “The Trekking Route up the Tsarap River, Zangskar.” Ladakh Studies 7, pp. 9- 10.
1995 (a). “The Fortified Places of Zanskar.” In Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5, pp. 79-99. Edited by Henry Osmaston and Philip Denwood. London: School of Oriental and African Studies; Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
1995 (b). “Military Aspects of the Dogra Conquest of Ladakh 18341839.” In Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5, pp. 349-361. Edited by Henry Osmaston and Philip Denwood. London: School of Oriental and African Studies; Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
1996 (a). “What Happened Between 1450 and 1550 AD? And Other Questions from the History of Ladakh.” In Recent Research on Ladakh 6, pp. 121-138. Edited by Henry Osmaston and Nawang Tsering. Bristol: Bristol University Press; Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
1996 (b). “Chronology of the Travels of G.T. Vigne in the Western Himalaya, 1835-1839 Ladakh Studies 8, pp. 27-30.
1999. “Ancient Painted Pottery from Ladakh.” In Ladakh: Culture, History and Development, between Himalaya and Karakoram. Recent Research on Ladakh 8, pp. 222-236. Edited by Martijn van Beek, Kristoffer Brix Bertelsen and Poul Pedersen. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press,
2002. “The Political Geography of South-east Zanskar, and a Reconsideration of the Royal Chronologies of Zanskar and Ladakh in the 15 th Century.” South Asian Studies 18, pp. 91-108. London: Society for South Asian Studies.
2005 (a). “Sultan Zain-ul Abidin’s Raid into Ladakh.” In Ladakhi Histories. Local and Regional Perspectives, pp. 125-145. Edited by John Bray. Leiden: Brill.
2005 (b). “The Development of the Boundary between the State of Jammu & Kashmir and British India, and its Representation on Maps of the Lingti Plain.” In Ladakhi Histories. Local and Regional Perspectives, pp. 217-234. Leiden: Brill.
2007. Things to do in Leh. A jeu d’esprit. Self-published pamphlet for private circulation.
2009. “Prince Peter’s Journey from Manali to Ladakh, 5 th June–22 nd August 1938.” In Recent Research on Ladakh 2009, pp. 55-71. With Poul Pedersen. Edited by Monisha Ahmed & John Bray. Kargil & Leh: International Association of Ladakh Studies.
2012. “The Tak House Maitreya and Some Corrections of the Later History of Ladakh.” Ladakh Studies 28, pp. 36-38.
2014. “Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley, Eastern Ladakh, and a Consideration of Their Relationship to the History of Ladakh and Maryul. With Kath Howard and an Appendix on the War of Tsede (rTse lde) of Guge in 1083 CE by Philip Denwood.” In Art and Architecture in Ladakh. Cross-Cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram pp. 68-99. Edited by Erberto Lo Bue and John Bray. Leiden: Brill.
2016. “Castles and Defensive Architecture in Purig: an Introduction, Survey and Preliminary Analysis.” In Visible Heritage. Essays on the Art and Architecture of Greater Ladakh, pp. 85-112. Edited by Rob Linrothe and Heinrich Pöll. New Delhi: Studio Orientalia.
2020. “The defences of Basgo revisited.” Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines. With Quentin Devers. Online publication : http://journals.openedition.org/emscat/4257.
Forthcoming. “The Portal of the Leh Palace.” With Gerald Kozicz. Awaiting publication.
UPDATE 15/02/2023:The deadline for the submission of abstracts has been extended to 25th February 2023!
ORIGINAL POST:
The 20th Conference of the International Association for Ladakh Studies (IALS) will be held in Heidelberg at the South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University, Germany, between 8th and 11th June 2023.
The main theme of the conference is “Ladakh’s Future: New Directions and Challenges”. Sub-themes for different panels shall be decided after the acceptance of abstracts.
The concept note of the main theme can be foundhere.
We invite abstracts for papers for the conference. The abstracts should be between 250 to 350 words and include the title of your paper, your affiliation and a short bio note. The conference is also open to abstracts for short films on the same theme.
The last date for submission of abstracts is 25th February 2023. The final decision on the abstracts will be communicated by 15th April 2023.
Please send your queries and abstracts to: ialsconference2023@gmail.com.
Members of IALS will get a discount on the registration fees. For membership fees and related queries, please contact Lauren Smyth, Membership Secretary, IALS (treasurer@ladakhstudies.org).
Please ensure that your membership is updated; if not, you can also pay for it at the conference.
The Conference Registration Fees for presenting a paper are:
Participants (South Asian): € 180
Participants (Non-South Asian): € 200
Participants (Non IALS-member): € 240
Students (South Asian): € 100
Students (Non-South Asian): € 120
Lunch, refreshments, sightseeing and conference dinner are included in the conference fee.
Furthermore, if there are members who are able to sponsor the conference fee or accommodation for young research students attending the conference – thereby ensuring the participation of deserving candidates – please get in touch with the organizing committee (saigeo@uni-heidelberg.de) by 15th April 2023. That will ensure that such facilities are provided to deserving candidates well in time.
In order to finalise the dates and a broad theme for the conference, a meeting was held on October 8, 2022, in Leh, which was attended by Dr. Sonam Wangchok (president), Monisha Ahmad (advisor), Prof. Marcus Nuesser and his companions from Heidelberg University, Prof. Tashi Ldawa (advisor), and Tsewang Rigzin (Ladakh liaison officer), Rigzin Chodon (from the editorial team).
The conference dates were set for 8–11 June 2023 after extensive discussion and consideration, and the general theme settled upon was “Ladakh’s Future: New Directions and Challenges.” Earlier, the advisors provided opinions and advice as well through mail.
The call for abstracts will be sent to the members soon.
Edited by Rafał Beszterda, John Bray and Elizabeth Williams-Oerberg. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersitetu Mikolaja Kopernika, 2021.
This volume originates in the 2017 IALS conference in Bedłewo (Poland) and contains twelve research papers on the following themes: the natural environment and social change; urbanisation and social change in Leh; bees, mushrooms and folkways; 20th century external contacts and local responses; three perspectives on weaving; and a final essay that poses the question “Did Gama ever reach the land of the lama?”
On 26 October the International Association for Ladakh Studies (IALS) organised a webinar to commemorate the legacy of the late Tashi Ragbias (1927-2020), one of the most distinguished Ladakhi scholars of his generation.
Tashi Rabgias had been invited to serve as the patron of the International Association for Ladakh Studies in 2005 and remained in this position until his demise. In September 2019 he made one of his final public appearances at the 19th IALS Conference held here in Ladakh in collaboration with the Central Institute of Buddhist Studies (CIBS). At that time, the IALS again honoured him for his contribution to the field of history, literature, philosophy, poetry, and this webinar presented a further opportunity to celebrate his legacy.
IALS President Dr. Sonam Wangchuk opened the webinar by offering a warm welcome to all participants. The first panel was dedicated to personal accounts of Tashi Rabgias. Mountaineer Steve Berry recalled meeting Tashi Rabgias in 1987 and learning from him about the historical relationship between Ladakh and Bhutan. Tashi Rabgias presented Steve with translation of a moving passage from the works of Zhabdrung Nawang Namgyal, the 17th century founder of Bhutan. The second presentation was by Namgyal Angmo who give a vivid account of her own meetings with Tashi Rabgias, and the way that he had served as a source of inspiration for younger scholars
Dr Rigzin Choden chaired the second panel, which was devoted to academic fields of study that were important to Tashi Rabgias. There were six speakers:
John Bray, an independent historian, spoke on the Moravian missionary August Hermann Francke’s research into Ladakhi songs in the early 20th century, and highlighted the contributions of the Ladakhis who worked with him. These included Konchok Tashi from Tagmachik, Ishey Rigzin from Khalatse and Joseph Gergan from Nubra/Leh. Later, Tashi Rabgias made his own contribution to this field through his book La dwags kyi yul glu, a collection of folksongs first published by the J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages in 1970.
Dr. Noé Dinnerstein, an ethnomusicologist and Adjunct Professor of Music at City University, New York, spoke on Tashi Rabgias’s contributions to the music culture of Ladakh. These included his work on the preservation and propagation of traditional songs, as well as his own role in popular music and theatre. Tashi Rabgias said that he had collected the songs to preserve the literature of Ladakh. In Noé’s opinion many of these songs should not be classified simply as “folk music”. In certain genres, they should be considered as “art” or “classical music”.
Sanjay Dhar, an experienced paintings conservator, spoke on the 19th and early 20th century travel writings as a source for understanding the physical history of Hemis Monastery. By analysing the texts carefully, and scrutinizing the illustrations, it is possible to reconstruct some of the architectural changes that took place in this period.
Tsunma Nawang Jinpa, who is now a PhD candidate at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, spoke about: “Tashi Rabgias: Intimate Witness and Chronicler of Hemis and Chemrey History”. She discussed the historical account he composed in 2008 at the request of the senior monks and members of Hemis Managing Committee. This carries the title “The Drukpa Kargyud School of Buddhism in Tibet and Hemis Monastery of Ladakh”, and the original typescript is preserved at the library of Hemis Museum.
Tashi Choephel from Koyul, who has an M.A. in Tibetan Literature, spoke about Tashi Rabgias’s contribution to Ladakhi literature through his extensive writings in Bod-yig, including poems, songs and plays. His poetic style inspired and was adopted by later poets, and his writings enriched modern Ladakh literature, often highlighting a secular thematic approach.
Finally, Tsering Wangchuk, an M.Phil Research Student from the University of Jammu presented a critique on the “Historiographic analysis of Tashi Rabgias’s History of Maryul Ladakh” (originally publishedin 1984 as Mar yul la dwags kyi sngon rabs kun gsal me long zhes bya ba bzhugs so sgrig pa po). He noted that the scholar wrote from a particular perspective that at times lacked the critical objectivity required of academic historians. Nevertheless, we are all indebted to his works, which serve to widen our horizons on the history of Ladakh.
The event closed with votes of thanks by Tashi Rabgias’s son, Sonam Gyatso Tukchoopa, the translator of History of Maryul Ladakh and byTsewang Rigzin, IALS Ladakh Liaison Officer.
Screenshot of the Webinar.
The webinar provided the viewers and all those who attended it, with an opportunity to honour Tashi Rabgias’s legacy, to express our gratitude for his efforts and contributions, and to inspire us to continue building on his legacy through research and writing in his special fields of interest.
The programme for the event can be downloaded here: PDF / Word
UPDATE 18/10/21: The webinar will start at 4:30 P.M. Indian Standard Time (IST) on Tuesday, 26th of October. The time per presentation is scheduled to be 15-20 minutes.
ORIGINAL NEWS: This is in reference to the commemoration of the legacy of Tashi Rabgias from 17th October 2021 (his birth anniversary) to 28th October 2021 (his death anniversary). IALS has been invited to host an international webinar on 26th October 2021 on the theme “Commemorating Tashi Rabgias’s Legacy”.
As advised by the Executive and Advisory Committees, we have decided to divide the webinar into two broad sub-themes:
Personal accounts of Tashi Rabgias (His life, works, and any personal memories of Tashi Rabgias)
Furthering conversations in fields that were important to Tashi Rabgias. This includes fields such as history, literature, art & culture, and Buddhist responses to social change etc.
Tashi Rabgias was a pioneer of Ladakh studies and also the patron of IALS, the webinar provides us with an opportunity to honour his legacy and express our gratitude for his efforts and contributions.
If you wish to present a paper on either of the themes, please write to Dr Rigzin Chodon (host of the webinar) at rigzinchodonjnu@gmail.com with an abstract (Approx. 200 words) by 22nd October, mid-night, IST. The final list of the speakers will be reviewed by the President and the Editorial Committee, IALS and announced by 23rd October 2021 on the IALS website. The link for the webinar and other details shall be shared by 25th October 2021 via email.
John Clarke, who passed away in September, spent his entire professional life at London’s Victoria and Albert (V&A) Museum. His special field of interest was the study of the art of metalworking in Ladakh and Tibet. With this note, I wish to celebrate his contribution and point to his academic legacy.
John joined the V&A in 1979. Alongside the day-to-day demands of his regular work, he was encouraged to conduct academic research, and between 1986 and 1991 made a series of visits to Ladakh, Dharamsala, Nepal, Tibet and Bhutan. His journey to Ladakh during this period served as the foundation of much of the rest of his life’s work. Crucially, he was able to travel to the village of Chiling on the Zangskar river. The village’s inhabitants are said to be the descendants of a group of Newari craftsmen who came to the region in the 17th century at the invitation of King Sengge Namgyal (r.1616-1642). Their first tasks included the construction of the copper-gilt images of the Maitreya at Basgo monastery and the Buddha in Shey. Ever since, Chiling craftsmen have specialised in the working of copper, bronze, silver and gold. They are particularly well-known for the production of spoons, ladles, teapots and beer jugs as well as religious objects such as copper-gilt chortens for monastic and family temples. John was able to observe their work at first hand.
I first met John in 1989 when IALS founder Henry Osmaston convened the fourth Ladakh Studies conference at the University of Bristol. Before the main conference, we organised a study day in London, and John arranged for us to see behind the scenes at the V&A. I remember being impressed at the sheer extent of the collection of Ladakhi and Tibetan artwork that is kept in storage, crammed closely together to save space. At the conference itself, John presented “A survey of metalworking in Ladakh”, and this was published in the conference proceedings in 1995. The paper discussed the roles of blacksmiths across Ladakh and of goldsmiths in Leh as well as the Chiling craftsmen. John noted that copper- and goldsmiths in Ladakh enjoyed a higher social status than their counterparts in Tibet. Strikingly, he was able to document the links between successive generations of Chiling craftsmen with key patrons, notably the Kalon family in Changspa.
John’s work on Ladakh evolved into a chapter of his Ph.D dissertation at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. The dissertation, which he defended in 1995, is available online at the British Library’s EThOS website, and carries the title “A Regional Survey and Stylistic Analysis of Tibetan Non-Scultural Metalworking, c.1850-1959.” It is based on a combination of field research, a close examination of metal artefacts from the region that are held in European museums, and a careful reading of travel accounts by Western travellers since the 19th century. The thesis covered a broad geographical range from Central and Southern Tibet to Kham and neighbouring regions in China and Mongolia, as well as Ladakh and Bhutan. John argued that the style of metalwork in these regions pointed to a broad cultural unity, but at the same time he was able to identify distinct regional variations in style.
In 1999 John made a further contribution to an IALS publication, a chapter on “The Tibetanisation of European Stoves in Ladakh”, which appeared in the proceedings of our eighth conference, which had been held in Aarhus (Denmark) two years earlier. Here he discussed the “hybridisation” of iron stoves introduced to Ladakh by Moravian missionaries. The original rather plain metal stoves have evolved into highly decorated artefacts decorated by local blacksmiths and goldsmiths using traditional motifs such as the ‘wish-fulfilling jewel’.
John made one more contribution to Ladakh studies with a chapter in Ladakh, Culture at the Crossroads, edited by Monisha Ahmed and Clare Harris (2005). Meanwhile, he continued to develop his expertise across the wider Tibetan cultural region, and his curatorial responsibilities extended beyond the Himalayas to Southeast Asia. He became the Lead Curator for the Robert H.N. Ho Family Foundation Buddhist Art Galleries. These first opened in 2009 but closed temporarily in 2013 ahead of an extended period of building work. In 2015 the V&A opened a new gallery devoted to the image of the Buddha, and the other galleries reopened in 2017. As John explained in a blog article, he gave careful consideration on how best to present the Buddhist religious heritage in the context of a secular museum. A key objective of the galleries is to make this heritage accessible to a wider Western audience without compromising the religious integrity of the artefacts displayed.
John was a regular contributor to academic seminars, conferences and workshops relating to Tibet and the Himalaya. He was himself the organiser of a major conference on Buddhist sculpture held at the V&A in 2010, and edited the proceedings. Other activities included serving as Visiting Professor at the University of Northumbria, which has become an important centre for the study of Asian art. Until his death, he was working on a proposed exhibition on the art of Buddhist Tantricism, to be held at the V&A in 2023.
At least two of his conference contributions are available online. The first is a brief presentation on “The Trance Walking Tradition of Tibet” presented at the Third International Conference on Vajrayāna Buddhism held in Bhutan in 2019. The second is a one-hour lecture on “Collecting Tibet at the South Kensington Museum: the legacy of the 1904 expedition and beyond,” which was presented to the Royal Asiatic Society in early 2019. In the Royal Asiatic Society lecture, John discusses the sensitivities associated with the provenance of the V&A’s Tibetan collection. Many of the most important items were acquired as a result of Col. Francis Younghusband’s military expedition to Lhasa in 1903-1904, though there have also been several other sources. His slides for the lecture include an image of a thangka from Western Tibet collected in the 1850s by the Schlagintweit brothers who spent several months in Ladakh during the same period. He also showed an image of an ornate teapot, originally from Hemis monastery, which came from the bequest of British viceroy Lord Curzon. As John briefly acknowledged, the teapot served as a reminder of his own earlier researches in Ladakh. He concluded the lecture by presenting an image of a 15th century Sino-Tibetan brass sculpture of the Mahasiddha Virupa, which he had himself been able to acquire for the V&A from a museum in the west of England. This lecture reflects John’s deep engagement with the V&A’s Tibetan and Himalayan collection over several decades. In that respect, it perhaps serves as a kind of colophon to his own career.
In the last 18 months John had to take frequent sick leave in order to receive treatment for lymphoma, a cancer of the blood cells. At first the treatment seemed to go well, and John responded with what one of his colleagues calls his “characteristic quiet resilience”. He was looking forward to returning to work. Sadly, this was never to be.
Select publications by John Clarke
1989. “Chiling, a Village of Ladakhi Craftsmen and their Products.” Arts of Asia 19, No. 3, pp. 128-141.
1992. “A Group of Sino-Mongolian Metalwork in the Tibetan Style.” Orientations 23, No. 5, pp. 65-75.
1995. “Survey of Metalworking in Ladakh.” In Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5, pp. 9-17. Edited by Henry Osmaston and Philip Denwood. London: School of Oriental and African Studies; Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
1995. A Regional Survey and Stylistic Analysis of Tibetan Non-Sculptural Metalworking, c. 1850-1959. 2 vols. PhD dissertation. London: School of Oriental and African Studies
1997. Tibet, Caught in Time. Reading: Garnet Publishing Ltd.
1998. “Hindu Trading Pilgrims.” In Pilgrimage in Tibet, pp. 52-70. Edited by Alex McKay. Richmond: Curzon.
1997. “Regional Styles of Metalworking”. In Tibetan Art, Towards a Definition of Style, pp. 278-289. Edited by Jane Singer and Philip Denwood. London: Calman and King.
1998. “Hindu Trading Pilgrims.” In Pilgrimage in Tibet, pp.5 52-70. Edited by Alex McKay. Richmond: Curzon.
1999. “The Tibetanisation of European Steel Stoves in Ladakh.” In Ladakh: Culture, History and Development, between Himalaya and Karakoram. Recent Research on Ladakh 8, pp. 58-71. Edited by Martijn van Beek, Kristoffer Brix Bertelsen and Poul Pedersen.Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
2001. “Ga’u–The Tibetan Amulet Box.” Arts of Asia 31, No. 3, pp. 45-67.
2002. “Metalworking in dBus and gTsang, 1930-1977.” Tibet Journal 27, Nos 1-2, pp. 113-152.
2004. Jewellery of Tibet and the Himalayas. London: Victoria and Albert Museum.
2005. “Metalworking in Ladakh”. In Ladakh Culture at the Crossroads, pp. 44-55. Edited by Monisha Ahmed and Clare Harris. Bombay: Marg.
2011. “Non-sculptural Metalworking in Eastern Tibet 1930-2003.” In Art in Tibet, Issues in Traditional Tibetan Art from the Seventh to the Twentieth Century, pp. 171-182. Proceedings of the 10th seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. Edited by Erberto Lo Bue. Leiden: Brill.
2013. “A New Image of the Mahasiddha Virupa: a Major Addition to the Corpus of early Fifteenth-century Bronzes.” Art of Merit. Studies in Buddhist Art and its Conservation: Proceedings of the Buddhist Art Forum 2012, pp. 241-250. Edited by David Park, Kuenga Wangmo and Sharon Cather. London: Archetype Publications
2017. “The New Robert H. N. Ho Family Foundation Galleries of Buddhist Art at the Victoria and Albert Museum.” Orientations 48, No. 5.
2019. “Introduction to Papers on Buddhist Sculpture Given at, or Arising from, the Buddhist Sculpture Symposium Held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in 2010.” Inner and Central Asian Art and Archaeology 2, 127-132. Special edition on New Research on Central Asian, Buddhist and Far Eastern Art and Archaeology. Edited by J.A. Lerner and A.L. Juliano. Turnhout: Brepols.
2020. “On the Road Back to Mandalay: The Burmese Regalia – Seizure, Display and Return to Myanmar in 1964.” In Returning Southeast Asia’s Past. Edited by Louise Tythacott and Panggah Ardiyansyah. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press.
International Association for Ladakh Studies (IALS) 